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Compare Tonga (2006) - Spratly Islands (2004)

Compare Tonga (2006) z Spratly Islands (2004)

 Tonga (2006)Spratly Islands (2004)
 TongaSpratly Islands
Administrative divisions 3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u -
Age structure 0-14 years: 35.3% (male 20,679/female 19,843)


15-64 years: 60.5% (male 34,399/female 34,964)


65 years and over: 4.2% (male 2,059/female 2,745) (2006 est.)		 -
Agriculture - products squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish -
Airports 6 (2006) 3 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 1


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2006)		 total: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 1


less than 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 5


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 3


under 914 m: 1 (2006)		 total: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Area total: 748 sq km


land: 718 sq km


water: 30 sq km		 total: less than 5 sq km


land: less than 5 sq km


water: 0 sq km


note: includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over an area of nearly 410,000 sq km of the central South China Sea
Area - comparative four times the size of Washington, DC NA
Background Tonga - unique among Pacific nations - never completely lost its indigenous governance. The archipelagos of "The Friendly Islands" were united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. Tonga became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900; it withdrew from the protectorate and joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. Tonga remains the only monarchy in the Pacific. The Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs. They are surrounded by rich fishing grounds and potentially by gas and oil deposits. They are claimed in their entirety by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, while portions are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines. About 45 islands are occupied by relatively small numbers of military forces from China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Brunei has established a fishing zone that overlaps a southern reef, but has not made any formal claim.
Birth rate 25.37 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) -
Budget revenues: $56.97 million


expenditures: $83.88 million; including capital expenditures of $1.9 million (FY99/00 est.)		 -
Capital name: Nuku'alofa


geographic coordinates: 21 08 S, 175 12 W


time difference: UTC+13 (18 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)		 -
Climate tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) tropical
Coastline 419 km 926 km
Constitution 4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967 -
Country name conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga


conventional short form: Tonga


local long form: Pule'anga Tonga


local short form: Tonga


former: Friendly Islands		 conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Spratly Islands
Death rate 5.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) -
Debt - external $80.7 million (2004) -
Diplomatic representation from the US the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga -
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Fekitamoeloa 'UTOIKAMANU


chancery: 250 East 51st Street, New York, NY 10022


telephone: [1] (917) 369-1025


FAX: [1] (917) 369-1024


consulate(s) general: San Francisco		 -
Disputes - international none all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but has not publicly claimed the reef; claimants in November 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct"
Economic aid - recipient $19.3 million Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02) -
Economy - overview Tonga, a small, open, South Pacific island economy, has a narrow export base in agricultural goods. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The country remains dependent on external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. Tourism is the second-largest source of hard currency earnings following remittances. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. High unemployment among the young, a continuing upturn in inflation, pressures for democratic reform, and rising civil service expenditures are major issues facing the government. Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing. The proximity to nearby oil- and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gas deposits, but the region is largely unexplored; there are no reliable estimates of potential reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to be developed.
Electricity - consumption 31.62 million kWh (2003) -
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (2003) -
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (2003) -
Electricity - production 34 million kWh (2003) -
Elevation extremes lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m


highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m		 lowest point: South China Sea 0 m


highest point: unnamed location on Southwest Cay 4 m
Environment - current issues deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations NA
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements		 -
Ethnic groups Polynesian, Europeans -
Exchange rates pa'anga per US dollar - 1.96 (2005), 1.9716 (2004), 2.142 (2003), 2.1952 (2002), 2.1236 (2001) -
Executive branch chief of state: King George TUPOU V (since 11 September 2006)


head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Feleti SEVELE (since 11 February 2006); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Viliami TANGI (since 16 May 2006)


cabinet: Cabinet currently consists of 14 members, 10 appointed by the monarch for life; 4 appointed from among the elected members of the Legislative Assembly, including 2 each from the nobles and peoples representatives serving three year terms


note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch, the cabinet, and two governors


elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the monarch		 -
Exports NA bbl/day -
Exports - commodities squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops -
Exports - partners Japan 41.5%, US 33.1%, NZ 6.3% (2005) -
Fiscal year 1 July - 30 June -
Flag description red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner -
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 23%


industry: 27%


services: 50% (FY03/04 est.)		 -
GDP - real growth rate 2.4% (2005 est.) -
Geographic coordinates 20 00 S, 175 00 W 8 38 N, 111 55 E
Geography - note archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited) strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central South China Sea; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and coral reefs
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%		 -
Imports NA bbl/day -
Imports - commodities foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals -
Imports - partners NZ 33.4%, Fiji 26.7%, Australia 10.5%, US 8.4% (2005) -
Independence 4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate) -
Industrial production growth rate 1% (2003 est.) -
Industries tourism, fishing -
Infant mortality rate total: 12.3 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 13.63 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 10.91 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)		 -
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 11.1% (2005 est.) -
International organization participation ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) -
Irrigated land NA 0 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (Chief Justice and high court justices from overseas chosen and approved by Privy Council) -
Labor force 33,910 (2003) -
Labor force - by occupation agriculture: 65%


industry and services: 35% (1997 est.)		 -
Land boundaries 0 km 0 km
Land use arable land: 20%


permanent crops: 14.67%


other: 65.33% (2005)		 arable land: 0%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100% (2001)
Languages Tongan, English -
Legal system based on English law -
Legislative branch unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (32 seats - 14 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, 9 for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and 9 elected by popular vote; members serve three-year terms)


elections: last held 21 March 2005 (next to be held in 2008)


election results: Peoples Representatives: percent of vote - HRDMT 70%; seats - HRDMT 7, independents 2		 -
Life expectancy at birth total population: 69.82 years


male: 67.32 years


female: 72.45 years (2006 est.)		 -
Literacy definition: can read and write Tongan and/or English


total population: 98.9%


male: 98.8%


female: 99% (1999 est.)		 -
Location Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand Southeastern Asia, group of reefs and islands in the South China Sea, about two-thirds of the way from southern Vietnam to the southern Philippines
Map references Oceania Southeast Asia
Maritime claims territorial sea: 12 nm


exclusive economic zone: 200 nm


continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation		 NA
Merchant marine total: 16 ships (1000 GRT or over) 62,185 GRT/72,960 DWT


by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 10, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 1


foreign-owned: 4 (Australia 1, Norway 1, Switzerland 1, UK 1) (2006)		 -
Military - note - Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs, of which about 45 are claimed and occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam
Military branches Tonga Defense Services: Land Force (Royal Guard), Naval Force (includes Royal Marines, Air Wing) (2006) -
Military expenditures - dollar figure NA -
Military expenditures - percent of GDP NA -
National holiday Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970) -
Nationality noun: Tongan(s)


adjective: Tongan		 -
Natural hazards cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou typhoons; serious maritime hazard because of numerous reefs and shoals
Natural resources fish, fertile soil fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.) -
Political parties and leaders People's Democratic Party [Tesina FUKO] -
Political pressure groups and leaders Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev. Simote VEA, chairman]; Public Servant's Association [Finau TUTONE] -
Population 114,689 (July 2006 est.) no indigenous inhabitants


note: there are scattered garrisons occupied by personnel of several claimant states (July 2004 est.)
Population below poverty line 24% NA% -
Population growth rate 2.01% (2006 est.) -
Ports and harbors - none; offshore anchorage only
Radio broadcast stations AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2004) -
Religions Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents) -
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female


total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2006 est.)		 -
Suffrage 21 years of age; universal -
Telephone system general assessment: competition between Tonga Telecommunications Corporation (TCC) and Shoreline Communications Tonga (SCT) is accelerating expansion of telecommunications; SCT recently granted authority to develop high-speed digital service for telephone, Internet, and television


domestic: fully automatic switched network


international: country code - 676; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2004)		 -
Telephones - main lines in use 11,200 (2002) -
Telephones - mobile cellular 16,400 (2004) -
Television broadcast stations 3 (2004) -
Terrain most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base flat
Total fertility rate 3 children born/woman (2006 est.) -
Unemployment rate 13% (FY03/04 est.) -
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